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Introduction
Urinary incontinence (UI) Is when bladder control problems cause urine to leak and is also known as urine leakage or urine loss.1
UI can affect the way a person holds or releases urine and is one of the most common bladder control problems. UI is not a disease but a condition that may be related to another health problem or life event, such as problems with the prostate.1
UI affects significant numbers of men worldwide
What are the types of UI?
Male incontinence can be due to a variety of factors and underlying mechanisms. Click to learn more about different types of UI1:
Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI)
Stress incontinence occurs when movement—coughing, sneezing, laughing, or physical activity—puts pressure on the bladder and causes urine to leak.
Reflex Incontinence
With reflex incontinence, urine leaks without a warning or urge to urinate. This type of incontinence often happens when your bladder nerves are damaged and don’t “talk” to your brain correctly. During reflex incontinence, the bladder contracts, or reflexes, at the wrong time, causing urine to leak. Nerve damage from health conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, or from trauma, such as a spinal cord injury link, are among the causes of reflex incontinence. Reflex incontinence is sometimes called “unaware” or “unconscious” incontinence.
Urgency Incontinence
Urgency incontinence occurs when you have a strong urge or need to urinate, and urine leaks before you can get to a toilet. Urgency incontinence is often referred to as overactive bladder. This type of incontinence happens when certain nerves and bladder muscles don’t work together to hold urine in the bladder, and the urine is released at the wrong time.
Overflow Incontinence
Overflow incontinence occurs when the bladder doesn’t empty all the way, causing too much urine to stay in the bladder. With overflow incontinence, urine leaks because the bladder becomes too full.
Functional incontinence
Functional incontinence occurs when a physical disability or barrier, or a problem speaking or thinking, prevents you from reaching the toilet in time. For example, a person in a wheelchair may not be able to get to a toilet in time, someone with arthritis may have trouble unbuttoning his or her pants, or a person with Alzheimer’s disease may not realize he or she needs time to get to the toilet.
Mixed Incontinence
Urgency and stress incontinence at the same time.
Did you know? Incontinence is …
What causes UI?
Health changes and problems, including those with the nervous system, and lifestyle factors can cause or contribute to urinary incontinence In men. Click on each category to know more about the possible causes1:
Health changes and problems
- Aging
- Bladder infection
- Constipation
- Birth defects
- Blocked urinary tract—from a tumor or kidney stone
- Chronic, or long-lasting, cough
- Diabetes
- Overweight or obesity
- Genitourinary fistulas
Nerve damage
If obstacles prevent the transmission of messages from the brain to specific components of the urinary tract - typically involving the bladder and sphincters - functional incontinence may occur.
Bladder nerves and muscles can be damaged or affected by:
- Diabetes
- Vaginal childbirth
- Surgery for prostate cancer
- Stroke
- Parkinson’s disease
- Multiple sclerosis
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Brain or spinal cord injury
- Anxiety
- Heavy metal poisoning
Lifestyle factors
Lifestyle factors may increase the likelihood of experiencing urinary incontinence. These may include:
- Eating habits, such as eating foods that cause constipation
- Drinking habits, such as drinking alcohol or caffeinated or carbonated beverages
- Certain medicines
- Physical inactivity
- Smoking
Prostate problems
The presence of the prostate gland surrounding the bladder's opening becomes potentially bigger with age for males. This natural aging process may lead to an unhealthy enlargement of the prostate, a non-cancerous condition known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
It is also important to be aware of patients with a history of radiation therapy or surgical interventions for prostate cancer who may experience transient or persistent urinary incontinence. These treatments, including surgery and radiation therapy, have the potential to result in nerve damage, bladder spasms, or stress incontinence.
Men with an enlarged prostate may have:
- Problems starting to urinate
- A slow urine stream
- Problems fully emptying the bladder
What are the repercussions of UI?
Voluntary control of bladder function is a precondition for a sense of normality7 and when left untreated, urinary incontinence can have an impact on patient well-being.8 Common psychosocial problems include the risk of depression, anxiety, and anger in younger adults, while psychosocial distress is also common.8,9
UI not only interrupts activities of daily living but may also increase social isolation10 and stopping patients from going out for fear of smelling of urine or being unable to control their continence while in public11.